Dual coding of knowledge in the human brain

نویسندگان

چکیده

Neural systems have been assumed to represent knowledge through the embodiment of sensory experiences. This type representation is considered fundamentally different from artificial intelligence approach, which implements using ‘symbolic’ approach.Recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies color (and other visual knowledge) with without experience provide empirical evidence for neural coding non-sensory, language-derived knowledge, along sensory-derived representation, in brain systems.The proposed dual-coding framework motivated by these recent findings offers nature’s solution classical challenges associated either only symbolic tradition or embodied approach neuroscience. How does human code about world? While disciplines such as world based on language, neurocognitive models dominated embodiment, derived sensory/motor supported high-level association cortices. The correlates an alternative disembodied system had previously difficult establish. A line exploring properties, color, visually deprived individuals converge positive, compelling language-derived, dorsal anterior temporal lobe extended language network, addition representations, leading a sketch framework. (A android): There was thought experiment they gave us. It’s called ‘Mary Black White room.’ Mary scientist, her special subject color. She knows everything there know it […] But she lives black white room. born there, raised One day… walks out sees blue sky. And at that moment learns something all couldn’t tell her. what feels see show students difference between computer mind. when out. – Ex Machina (a Movie, 2014), citing [1.Jackson F. Epiphenomenal qualia.Philos. Q. 1982; 32: 127-136Crossref Google Scholar]. What mean, know? Is knowing relations versus (see Glossary) (current) machines humans, suggested earlier movie dialogue? stores vast amounts world, roses, shape earth, mechanisms evolution, functions jury. Various sorts guide broad range behaviors, recognizing objects understanding words, reasoning, decision making. Understanding how represented one oldest most-debated questions any discipline interested mind brain. discussions every field, including philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, center two notions representing knowledge: (sensory/motor-experience-derived). granted room Scholar], prevalent way intelligence. Beyond computers, similar also various (e.g., dual both verbal nonverbal [2.Paivio A. Mental Representations: Dual Coding Approach. Oxford University Press, 1986Google Scholar,3.Paivio Mind Its Evolution: Theoretical Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2007Google Scholar]) philosophical theories dualism [4.Papineau D. Thinking About Consciousness. 2002Crossref Scholar]). 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To explain rationales help readers appreciate their implications first briefly present current views embodiment’ stems combination considerations: biological entities acquire information interaction world; long identified brain; numerous during over decades shown retrieving activates regions territory corresponding (primary associative) For instance, roses) induces activation close V4, region critical perception [13.Martin al.Discrete cortical action.Science. 1995; 270: 102-105Crossref (833) Scholar,14.Simmons W.K. al.A common substrate perceiving color.Neuropsychologia. 45: 2802-2810Crossref (280) processing words whose meanings strong associations tends modulate activities [15.Fernandino L. al.Concept reflects multimodal abstraction: semantics.Cereb. Cortex. 26: 2018-2034Crossref (125) Thus, often assume, extents, can be perceived modalities, abstracted experiences/systems connections set combinational It axiomatic humans learn via things not personally experienced sensorily someone ‘roses red’ reading/hearing seeing red roses), yet, quoting [16.Binder al.Toward brain-based componential representation.Cogn. Neuropsychol. 33: 130-174Crossref (126) Scholar] ‘In cognition theories, however, our model maintains concepts ultimately experience, whether directly indirectly refers experience’. research has away specific given [17.Mahon B.Z. Caramazza look hypothesis new proposal grounding content.J. Physiol. 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Furthermore, strengths typical (nonvisual) (including shape, taste), well general (both continuously rated categorically measured), were groups, indicating differently relying derive relations. investigation carried visual-specific [30.Bedny al.There’s “sparkle” meets eye: vision light verbs among individuals.Cognition. 2019; 189: 105-115Crossref Scholar,31.Bedny al.Growing up change theory mind.Proc. 2009; 106: 11312-11317Crossref (68) peek feel/perceive; shimmer boom/roll), controls (by means word judgment). Multidimensional scaling analyses distinguish, like emission sound 1C). suggests concepts, blindness. Over dozen spanning decades, across paradigms (generation, sorting, rating, association) languages (English, Italian, Mandarin Chinese) paint consistent picture complete deprivation. 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Commun. 5250Crossref (24) cluster (ATL), superior gyrus/sulcus (STG/STS) pole (TP), significant interaction, stronger ‘rainbow’ (or ‘red’) compared ‘rain’ ‘square’) (‘rainbow’/’red’ ‘rain’/’square’ is), (all accessible; Figure 2 another study adaptation paradigm, judgments produced repetition suppression effects V4 STG (along precentral cortex) group, peak portion These convergently ATL sensitive uncovered representational analysis (RSA) [36.Kriegeskorte N. al.Representational - connecting branches neuroscience.Front. Syst. 2: 1-28PubMed Participants listened retrieved matrix (correlation pattern items) computed correlations taken Two 2): posterior fusiform color-perception-sensitive (close V4) similarity; left (anterior TP), object-color after controlled for. sets intrinsically, functionally connected Note under lenient threshold, ventral/medial observed showing convergence related [9.Lambon Scholar,35.Striem-Amit Although handful addressed question, appear clear. (univariate contrasts, adaptation, RSA) (Italian, (for concepts) while confirming cortex sighted. Importantly, RSA revealed occurs available representations. Are tested, reflect mechanism ATL? studying (i.e., referents, ‘justice’ ‘rationality’). imaging consistently concrete ‘cup’), requiring facts facts, elicit ATL, centering around dorsal-lateral aspects, encompassing network [37.Fedorenko al.New method investigations language: defining ROIs subjects.J. Neurophysiol. 2010; 1177-1194Crossref (276) inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) middle (pMTG) [38.Wang concepts: meta-analysis studies.Hum. 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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Trends in Cognitive Sciences

سال: 2021

ISSN: ['1364-6613', '1879-307X']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.006